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Case Examples
A number of titles in our manual series include case examples, which provide a practical illustration of the topic covered in the related chapter. There are around 100 case examples across our manuals collection and this page provides an A-Z listing of all the manual chapters contain them. You will need to purchase access to the source chapter to view the full text.
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Laboratory evaluation of adrenal diseases
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyEach adrenal gland is composed of acortex and a medulla, which are functionally separate endocrine glands. The most common disorders affect the adrenal cortex and cause eitjer hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) or hypoadrenocorticism. This chapter considers canine hyperadrenocorticism, feline hyperadrenocorticism, canine hypoadrenocorticism, feline hypoadrenocorticism and other adrenal diseases. Readers will also find case examples included.
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Laboratory evaluation of cardiac disease
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyCardiac disease is commonly encountered in small animal practice. However, deciding whether an animal’s clinical signs are due to underlying cardiac disease or another process can be difficult. The topics discussed comprise B-type natriuretic peptide, troponins, combined measurements of NT-proBNP and cTnl, monitoring of digoxin therapy, assessment of nutritional deficiencies and genetic tests. This chapter also includes case examples.
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Laboratory evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection and laboratory analysis are recommended as part of the investigation of central nervous system (CNS) disease. A definitive daignosis on the basis of CSF laboratory evaluation alone is rare, but the laboratory evaluation of CSF may provide documentation of normal or abnormal findings and help make distinctions among various differential diagnoses. This chapter covers CSF collection, laboratory analysis of CSF, normal and abnormal CSF and CSF findings in selected clinical conditions. Case examples are included.
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Laboratory evaluation of exocrine pancreatic disease
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyThe pancreas is located in the abdomen caudal to the stomach and is composed of: a left limb or lobe, which lies caudal to the greater curvature of the stomach and adjacent to the cranial aspect of the transverse colon; a right limb or lobe, which lies just medial to the proximal duodenum; and a body between these two limbs. This chapter looks at pancreatitis, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, pancreatic neoplasia and pancreatic abscesses, cysts and pseudocysts. Case examples are included.
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Laboratory evaluation of gastrointestinal disease
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyThe gastrointestinal (GI) tract is relatively inaccessible, and laboratory investigations are an important component of the diagnostic approach to GI diseases. Although alone they often do not provide a definitive diagnosis, they are helpful in ruling out non-GI causes of GI signs, narrowing the list of differential diagnoses and directing further more specialized and potentially more invasive diagnostic procedures. The chapter discusses a diagnostic approach to gastrointestinal problems, routine diagnostic procedures and specialized diagnostic tests. The chapter also contains case examples.
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Laboratory evaluation of hepatic disease
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyThe recognition and diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases can be challenging. The associated clinical signs are varied and often quite vague and non-specific, and while there is a wide range of laboratory tests of both hepatic damage and function, there is rarely a single test that definitively identifies the disease. This chapter considers the disgnostic approach to liver disease, serum biochemistry, routine haematology, urinalysis, liver function tests, genetic testing, liver biopsy, pattern recognition in liver disease and prognostic indices. Case examples are included.
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Laboratory evaluation of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyThis chapter looks at laboratory evaluation of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia. The following topics are considered: glucose homeostasis, measurement of blood glucose, hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus. Case studies are included.
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Laboratory evaluation of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyHypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are the most common endocrine disorders of dogs and cats, respectively, and testing for these diseases is frequently carried out in practice. Interpretation relies on a good understanding of thyroid physiology and the myriad factors, other than thyroid disease and including assay methodology, that can affect tests of thyroid function.The chapter looks at physiology of the thyroid gland, laboratory methods for assessment of thyroid function, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. This section also contains a selection of case examples.
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Laboratory evaluation of joint disease
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyLaboratory evaluation of joint disease is based on examination of synovial fluid. Synovial fluid analysis rarely yields a definitive aetiological diagnosis but it does help to confirm the presence of an arthropathy, to discriminate between broad categories of joint disease, and to guide the choice of further tests (e.g. serology, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), antinuclear antibody titre, rheumatoid factor titre, etc.). This chapter considers physiology and composition, pathogenesis of joint effusion, indications and contraindications for arthrocentesis, arthrocentesis technique, synovial fluid analysis and further tests. Case examples can be found at the end of this section.
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Laboratory evaluation of lipid disorders
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyIncreased plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride concentration in the fasted state is a relatively common abnormality detected in dogs, and less frequently in feline patients, and is termed hyperlipidaemia…This chapter reviews normal lipid metabolism and the clinical assessment of lipid/lipoprotein disorders in dogs and cats. The following topics are addresssed: Normal lipid metabolism, hyperlipidaemia, hypolipidaemia, investigation of hyperlipidaemia and laboratory effects of hyperlipidaemia. The chapter includes case examples.
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Laboratory evaluation of muscle disorders
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyMuscle disease can affect skeletal (striated), cardiac and, more rarely, smooth muscle. It can be primary or secondary to other systemic disorders but can be difficult to recognize clinically owing to its non-specific signs. Even when muscle disease is supected, the appropriate diagnostic work-up is often poorly understood and test results can be misinterpreted. This chapter discusses clinical sign sof muscle disorders, laboratory evaluation of muscle disorders and tests used in the investigation of skeletal (striated) muscle disorders. Case examples are included.
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Laboratory evaluation of renal disorders
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyThe function of the kidneys is to regulate the volume and composition of extracellular fluid. This is achieved by the initial formation of an ultrafiltrate of plasma by the passage of solutes, small proteins and other non-scellular constituents of the blood across the glomerular filtration barrier. The chapter deals with glomerular filtration, laboratory abnormalities in patients with kidney disease, staging chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, glomerular barrier function and tubular function. This chapter includes case examples.
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Laboratory evaluation of skin and ear disease
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyVery few skin disorders have an unequivocally pathognomonic appearance and almost all require some form of laboratory investigation to confirm the diagnosis. Fortunately, the skin is readily accessible. Most tests are straightforward and can be accessed in a practice laboratory. This chapter considers the investigation of skin disease and otoscopes and examination of the ears. Case examples are also considered.
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Laboratory evaluation of the reproductive system
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical PathologyInvestigation of diseases of the reproductive tract requires a detailed breeding history and a thorough clinical examination, followed by careful application of a number of laboratory tests. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the logical application of laboratory testing to common clinical presentations met by veterinary surgeons in first-opinion practice. Case examples are included.
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Leukaemia
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Haematology and Transfusion MedicineLeukaemia is a malignant transformation of cells of the haemopoietic system and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually white blood cells. Leukaemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases that includes acute leukaemia, chronic leukaemia and the leukaemic phase of lymphoma. Although Leukaemia is not a common condition, it is important because of the diagnostic challenges in distinguishing the different types, which have varying treatment outcomes and prognoses. This chapter considers the haemopoietic system – leucocyte lineages; aetiology; acute leukaemia; chronic leukaemia; myelodysplastic syndrome; general approach to the leukaemic patient; management of leukaemia. Case examples: An 11-year-old female Golden Retriever weighing 32.0 kg; A 9.5-year-old neutered Boxer weighing 30.2 kg.
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Lower respiratory tract disease
BSAVA Manual of Avian PracticeLower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) is common in parrots, raptors and passerines. However, it can be difficult to recognize because presenting signs are often non-specific and frequently not obviously respiratory. This chapter deals with the clinical signs, therapeutic approach, diagnostic techniques and indications for diseases involving the lungs and air sacs. Case examples: Glossy Black Cockatoo with clinical chlamydiosis; Green-winged Macaw with aspergillosis and Escherichia coli infection; Thin Cockatiel with dyspnoea; Foreign body ingestion in an African Grey Parrot.
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