The scapula is a flat bone that lies in the sagittal plane alongside the thoracic wall. This chapter reviews fractures of the scapular body, fractures of the scapular neck, fractures of the supraglenoid tuberosity. Operative techniques: Fractures of the scapular body; Fractures of the scapular neck; Fractures of the supraglenoid tuberosity.

Head trauma may result in fractures of the calvaria, the maxilla, the mandible and the detention, or any combination of these. This chapter covers principles of maxillofacial fracture treatment, techniques for managing maxillofacial fractures, management of specific fractures, fractures of the calvaria. Operative techniques: Intraoral techniques; Mandibular symphyseal wiring; Application of external skeletal fixation to the mandible or maxilla; Ventral approach and plate application to the mandibular body; Surgical approach to the temporomandibular joint and condylectomy.

This chapter considers a number of specific types of wound that may require surgical management, such as pharyngeal stick injuries, chronic draining sinuses, bullet, burn and bite wounds. It also discusses the surgical management of some specific skin conditions such as skin fold pyoderma and perianal fistulas. Causes of sinus tracts include bacterial infection, penetrating foreign bodies (e.g. plant awns, wood splinters, insect mouth parts), bone sequestra, surgical implants (e.g. sutures, meshes, orthopaedic implants) and neoplasia. Sinus tracts can occur at many locations on the body, depending on the cause, its point of entry/location and any migratory path. The interdigital spaces, ear canals, oral mucosa, conjunctiva and nares are common points of entry. All sinus tracts should be thoroughly investigated and explored surgically to determine and eliminate (if possible) the cause. It is important to develop a systematic approach to the investigation of sinus tracts. If the cause is not eliminated, the problem will recur. Chronic sinus tracts can be extremely frustrating to manage for the patient, client and veterinary surgeon, as small fragments of foreign material can be elusive and repeated surgical intervention may be required. The chapter looks at Chronic draining sinus tracts; Oropharyngeal stick injuries; Perianal fistulation (anal furunculosis); Bite wounds; Burns management; Projectile injuries; Redundant skin folds and skin fold pyoderma (intertrigo); Footpad surgery; Mammary gland surgery; and Wound bed vascular augmentation using omentum. Case examples: Management of a shotgun injury to the face. Operative techniques: Anal sacculectomy; Episioplasty; Caudectomy; Fusion podoplasty; Phalangeal fillet (Digital pad transfer); Footpad grafts; and Mastectomy.

Surgical conditions of the spleen are commonly encountered in small animal practice. In some instances splenic biopsy or partial splenectomy may be warranted, but in most cases splenectomy is the treatment of choice. This chapter looks at anatomy, surgical techniques, splenic conditions and postoperative considerations. Practical tips and potential complications are highlighted throughout. Operative techniques: Splenic biopsy and partial splenectomy; Splenectomy.

The stomach serves as a reservoir for food and initiates digestion. This chapter explores anatomy and different techniques. Practical tips are highlighted throughout. Operative techniques: Gastronomy; Gastric biopsy; Partial gastrectomy of the gastric fundus; Transverse pyloroplasty (Heineke-Mikulicz procedures); Y-U antral advancement flap; Pyloromyotomy (Fredet-Ramstedt procedure); Pylorectomy and gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I procedure); Oesophageal hiatal hernia repair.

This chapter covers anatomy, surgery of the pinna, otitis externa and media, otic and nasopharyngeal polyps, middle ear cholesteatomas in dogs and considerations for surgical success in patients with ear disease. Operative Techniques: Lateral ear canal resection; Vertical ear canal resection; Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy.

The lungs are divided into distinct lobes by fissures, allowing them to accommodate the movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm. This chapter covers anatomy and physiology, diagnostic approach, postoperative considerations, lung trauma, pulmonary abscess, pneumonia and bronchiectasis, lung lobe torsion, spontaneous pneumothorax and lung neoplasia. Operative Technique: Partial or complete lung lobectomy.

Surgery of the oral cavity and oropharynx is required to treat neoplasia, traumatic and congenital lesions, and diseases affecting the lips and salivary glands. The clinical signs, diagnosis, surgical management, prognosis and postoperative care of these problems are addressed in this chapter. Operative Techniques: Partial rostral maxillectomy; Total mandibulectomy; Cleft palate repair; Split palatal U-flap technique; Oronasal fistula repair; Mandibular and sublingual salivary gland resection (lateral approach).

A drain is a conduit placed in the wound to remove fluid and air. This usually refers to surgical implants, typically Penrose drains or closed suction drains; however, an autogenous drain, the omentum, can be used in selective cases. An alternative method of providing wound drainage is to leave part of the wound open. This technique is effective in open peritoneal drainage and can also work well with severely contaminated or necrotic skin wounds. The chapter looks at Indications for drain usage; Types of drain; Drain placement; Postoperative and drain care; Drain removal; Complications; and Drains in specific surgeries. Case examples: Drainage of a flank abscess; Surgical management and drainage of a chronic mucocele. Operative techniques: Placement of a Penrose drain; Placement of an active suction drain

This chapter covers surgical anatomy, examination of the tarsus, diagnostic tools, surgical approaches, congenital conditions of the tarsus, developmental conditions of the tarsus and acquired conditions of the tarsus. Quick Reference Guide to Imaging Techniques by Thomas W. Maddox. Operative Techniques: Medial malleolar osteotomy and repair; Medial arthrotomy for osteochondritis dissecans of the medial ridge of the talus; Partial tarsal arthrodesis; Pantarsal arthrodesis; Repair of Achilles tendon rupture.

Most skin defects seen in small animal patients are created either by traumatic injury or by surgical resection of a diseased area of tissue. In cats and dogs the elasticity of skin, along with the frequent presence of adjacent loose skin in many areas of the body, allows the primary closure of many wounds. However, techniques to reduce tension or to harvest skin from adjacent areas can help, in some cases, to produce a tension-free closure that is less likely to result in wound-healing complications. A working knowledge of such techniques is essential, as their required use cannot always be predicted preoperatively. In situations where primary closure was anticipated but cannot be achieved due to unforeseen circumstances, these techniques can become invaluable. Many of the techniques described in this chapter are very simple and will often be used in combination during wound reconstruction. The chapter considers Blood supply to the skin; Skin tension; Techniques to overcome skin tension; and Complications of skin flaps. Case examples: Hemimaxillectomy and transposition flap for a maxillary mass; Axillary flaps after excision of a thoracic mass. Operative techniques: Walking sutures; Skin stretching; V-Y plasty; Z-plasty; Single pedicle advancement flap; Bipedicle advancement flap; Rotation flap; Transposition flap; Axillary fold flap; Inguinal fold flap

Fractures of the tibia and fibula are commonly seen in small animal practice. This chapter deals with fractures of the proximal tibia and fibula, fractures of the tibial and fibular diaphyses; fractures of the distal tibia and fibula. Operative techniques: Avulsion of the tibial tubercle; Separation of the proximal tibial physis; Tibia – medial bone plating; Tibia – intramedullary pinning; Tibia – external skeletal fixation; Separation of the distal tibial physis; Fractures of the medial and lateral malleoli.

Rabbit dentistry is a controversial topic and many types of treatment have been described. At the time of writing, there are no published comparative studies that evaluate the success or failure of any particular dental treatment for rabbits. This chapter looks at considerations for treatment; establishing a treatment plan; treatment of fractured teeth and jaws; treatment of incisor malocclusion; treatment of early signs of dental disease; treatment of spurs on the cheek teeth; and iatrogenic damage from dentistry. Operative Technique: Reshaping maloccluded incisors: an alternative method; Treatment of cheek tooth problems using handheld instruments; Treatment of cheek tooth problems using burrs; Pulpectomy.

The focus of this chapter is on animals in which urinary incontinence is the primary sign, although other urinary abnormalities may be present in some cases. Urinary incontinence is a common problem in dogs (around 5% of adult bitches; Forsee et al., 2013), with many affected animals managed medically in first-opinion practice, often after only minimal diagnostic investigations. This chapter looks at anatomy and physiology, investigation, differential diagnosis and different conditions. Practical tips are included. Operative techniques: Colposuspension; Cystourethropexy; Prostatopexy; Vas deferensopexy; Urethral submucosal collagen injection; Ureteroneocystotomy; Ureteral reimplantation.