GRH Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography has become a routine part of the diagnostic work-up in patients with musculoskeletal pathologies. Recent equipment and software developments such as transducer design, compound imaging, harmonic imaging and signal post-processing have led to substantial improvements in image quality. These advances have expanded the range of applications beyond muscle and tendon pathology to numerous smaller structures such as ligaments and peripheral nerves. This chapter explains the indications for and value of ultrasonography compared with radiography and advanced imaging techniques; equipment; ultrasound examination; normal ultrasonographic anatomy; ultrasonographic abnormalities; interventional procedures. The chapter also includes three video clips.