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Quick Reference Guides
These illustrated guides taken from our manual series present practical techniques or treatments in an easy-to-follow step-by-step format, designed to help the practitioner perform a technique or treatment effectively and with confidence. There are over 100 QRGs across our manuals series and this page provides an A-Z listing of all the manual chapters that contain quick reference guides. You will need to purchase access to the source chapter to view the full text.
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Abdominal effusion
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThe equilibrium of fluid within the body is determined by Starling’s principle, which states that hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure and blood vessel integrity determine the way in which fluids move within the body. An abdominal effusion develops when one or more of these three determinants is abnormal. This chapter looks at clinical presentation, diagnostic approach and treatment. Quick reference guide: Abdominocentesis.
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Abdominal pain and swelling
BSAVA Manual of Canine PracticePresentation of the dog with acute abdominal pain is common in veterinary practice. The general causes of abdominal pain include: distension of a hollow viscus or organ capsule; ischaemia; traction; and inflammation secondary to a variety of conditions. This chapter considers an approach to the acute abdomen, an approach to the swollen abdomen and surgical management. Quick Reference Guides: FAST scan; Abdominocentesis; Diagnostic peritoneal lavage.
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Abnormalities of eating and drinking
BSAVA Manual of Canine PracticeDogs presenting with polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia or weight loss are seen relatively commonly in clinical practice. There are multiple causes for each of these problems, and it is important that the clinician formulates a complete list of differential diagnoses prior to undertaking diagnostic investigations. This chapter considers polydipsia and polyuria, polyphagia, inappetence and weight loss. Quick Reference Guide: Testing for hyperadrenocorticism: some important considerations.
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Alopecia
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeAlopecia is the complete absence of hair in an area where it is normally present. It is the most common reason for a dermatology consultation in the cat after pruritus. This chapter looks at history, clinical examination, diagnostic tests, differential diagnoses, treatment recommendations, when to refer and what to do if finances are limited. Quick reference guides: Wood’s lamp examination; Hair plucks; Skin biopsy.
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Anaemia
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeAnaemia is commonly seen in feline practice. Cats often tolerate anaemia remarkably well, especially when it is chronic, so clinical signs may not be apparent until anaemia is very severe. This chapter looks at clinical presentation, classification of anaemia, diagnostic approach and selected causes of feline anaemia. Quick reference guides: Making and examining a blood smear; Haematological assessment; Obtaining bone marrow samples.
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Anaesthesia
BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and ImagingRabbits may require sedation or anaesthesia for a variety of reasons. Neutering of male and female rabbits is now commonplace in general practice, as is dental treatment. This chapter details specific considerations for rabbit anaesthesia, and also includes an overview of sedative, anaesthetic and analgesic drugs which may be used in this species. Quick Reference Guides/Techniques: Placing a marginal ear vein cannula; Placing an ET tube with the assistance of a rigid endoscope; Placing an ET tube under direct visualization; Intubating a rabbit’s trachea using the ‘blind’ technique; Performing nasotracheal intubation; Placing a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in a rabbit; Performing Doppler blood pressure measurement in a rabbit.
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Analgesia and postoperative care
BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and ImagingRabbits are often used as animal models for aspects of pain and anaesthesia, not only to provide good care for the laboratory rabbit, but also to increase understanding of the pharmacology for other species. This chapter considers analgesia, pain management in specific conditions/situations, postoperative care and hospitalization. Quick Reference Guide/Technique: Instilling food into the stomach prior to recovery from anaesthesia.
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Anorexia
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeAnorexia (loss of appetite for food) is a common presenting sign in feline practice. Cats are sensitive to environmental changes, and illness often manifest as a loss of appetite. This chapter discusses diagnostic approach and general considerations for management. Quick reference guides: Enteral assisted nutrition; Placement of a naso-oesophageal feeding tube; Placement of an oesophagostomy feeding tube.
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Basic anaesthesia
BSAVA Manual of Avian PracticeAnaesthesia is utilized for a variety of reasons in avian species. This chapter provides insight into the complex decision making process regarding when or when not to employ the use of anaesthesia as well as practical guidance on performing anaesthesia. Quick reference guide: Avian intubation.
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Basic techniques
BSAVA Manual of Avian PracticeThis chapter provides comprehensive guidance on the basic techniques veterinary practitioners will routinely employ in avian practice. The chapter covers techniques for various injection methods, oral medication, nasal flush, nail trimming, beak trimming, various feather techniques, ring removal, microchip placement and euthanasia. Quick reference guide: Euthanasia of birds. The chapter also includes 15 video clips.
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Behaviour and stress management in the shelter environment
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Shelter MedicineThis chapter starts with a discussion of the main principles underlying the quality of life and behaviour of animals in the shelter environment. The second part of the chapter focuses on specific behavioural signs, issues and problems related to housing animals within shelters. Quick reference guides: Current thinking on dog behaviour; Current thinking on cat behaviour; Socialization of puppies; Socialization of kittens; Dealing with the aggressive dog; Dealing with the hard-to-handle cat; Environmental enrichment for dogs in shelters; Environmental enrichment for cats in shelters.
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Biosecurity in shelters
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Shelter MedicineIn the context of shelters, biosecurity refers to all the efforts made to control the incursion and spread of infectious disease. This chapter covers external and internal influences on biosecurity, principles of outbreak management, staff and volunteer training in biosecurity, the relationship between stress and disease, and management of specific populations. Quick reference guide: A brief overview of disinfectants.
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Cardiorespiratory problems
BSAVA Manual of Canine PracticeCardiorespiratory signs are a common reason for presentation in canine practice, and in acute situations involving collapse or dyspnoea can be a source of stress to clinician and owner alike. This chapter will present a clinical approach to the following signs: cough; dyspnoea, heart murmur; and arrhythmia. Quick Reference Guides: Pericardiocentesis; Thoracocentesis and thoracic drain placement.
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The cat-friendly practice
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeIn order to work cooperatively with cats, in which the fight or flight response is triggered so easily, we need to engender empathy, based on an understanding of their nature and innate behaviours, i.e. to see things from a cat’s perspective. This chapter looks at understanding feline behaviour, environmental adaptations in the home, reducing the threat of the clinic experience from the cat’s perspective, equipment, general approach and handling, taking the history and examination. Quick reference guides: Calculation of energy requirements for ill cats; Techniques for simple procedures; Examining the eye; Examining the mouth; Thoracic examination; Neurological examination; Blood sampling.
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Collapse
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeCollapse is defined as a failure to maintain a normal supported posture with or without loss of consciousness. This chapter looks at acute emergency presentation, episodic collapse and apparent collapse or ambulatory disorders. Quick reference guides: Intravenous catheterization; Approach to hypotension; Intravenous fluid therapy; Recording and interpreting an electrocardiogram.
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Coughing
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeCoughing is a protective reflex arising due to stimulation of mechanoreceptors or chemoreceptors within the airways. This chapters covers the following: initial approach, diagnostic approach, empirical treatment and when to consider referral. Quick reference guide: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).
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Dealing with emergency cases
BSAVA Manual of Canine PracticeIn most small animal practices true emergencies will be relatively uncommon, but with the increase in emergency centres within the UK there will be practices where emergency cases are in the majority, Although emergency medicine can be stressful it can also be extremely satisfying. This chapter focuses on telephone triage, preparation, hospital triage, cardiovascular abnormalities - assessment and management, respiratory abnormalities - assessment and management, neurological assessment and management, monitoring during stabilization, secondary assessment and ongoing management. Quick Reference Guide: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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Dental disorders and their management
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter will look at the diagnosis and management of the most important dental disorders that are encountered in feline practice: tooth resorption (feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions) and chronic gingivostomatitis. Quick reference guides: Dental examination; Tooth extraction.
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The dental examination
BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and ImagingOral/dental disease is the most common disorder encountered in small herbivorous mammals, including rabbits. The ability to recognize anatomical and physiological variations is necessary in order to understand disease pathophysiology and assess minor changes. This chapter explores clinical history and examination; essential equipment for dental examination; examination of the head, teeth and oral cavity in the conscious rabbit; examination under general anaesthesia; oral and dental records; and significant lesions and oral cavity diseases. Quick Reference Guide/Technique: Oral cavity examination under general anaesthesia.
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Disorders of the paw
BSAVA Manual of Canine PracticeWhile it is possible for skin lesions to affect the paws exclusively, it is more common to have involvement of other areas as well. This chapter concentrates on those conditions that affect the feet and nails predominantly or exclusively. This chapter covers foot and footpad injuries, skin disorders affecting the paws and nail disorders. Quick Reference Guides: Applying a foot bandage; Toe amputation; Dew claw removal under general anaesthesia.
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Dyspnoea, tachypnoea and hyperpnoea
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter focuses on immediate management, diagnostic approach and treatment of respiratory diseases, such as dyspnoea, tachypnoea, hyperpnoea and orthopnoea. Quick reference guides: Management of severe dyspnoea; Oxygen therapy; Emergency thoracic radiography; Thoracocentesis; Inserting a chest drain; Inserting a small-bore wire-guided chest drain.
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Ear problems and head tilt
BSAVA Manual of Canine PracticeDisorders of the ears are some of the most common presentations in first-opinion canine practice; rarely will a day go by when a practitioner doesn’t need to deal with a case of ear disease. This chapter focuses on clinical examination of the ear, aural haematoma, laceration of the pinna, foreign bodies, otitis externa and vestibular disease. Quick Reference Guides: Ear cytology; Otoscopy; Surgical treatment of aural haematoma.
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Ethics and animal welfare
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Shelter MedicineThis chapter introduces specific welfare and ethical issues that are faced in shelter medicine and outlines the factors that give rise to them. It focuses on two key issues that are the source of many welfare and ethical concerns: the challenges of resource distribution and euthanasia. Quick reference guide: Using ethical reasoning to make decisions.
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Head shaking and/or ear scratching
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeApproximately 6–7% of feline patients presented at the veterinary surgery have ear disease, which can present as head shaking and/or ear scratching. The most common cause of head shaking and ear scratching in cats is otitis. This chapter deals with diagnostic approach, treatment, when to refer and what to do if finances are limited. Quick reference guides: Ear flushing; Ear cytology.
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History taking and examination
BSAVA Manual of Avian PracticeMany birds are presented to the veterinary clinic in an advanced stage of ill health. Similarly, birds presented in the early stages of illness may often appear normal to the inexperienced owner or veterinarian. A thorough history is an essential assessment tool in both cases. This chapter looks at history-taking in depth and provides an extensive selection of quick reference guides for clinical examination. Quick reference guides: Observation; Body condition scoring; Examination of the coelom and cloaca; Examination of the beak; Examination of the nares and cere; Examination of the eyes; Examination of the ears; Examination of the oral cavity; Examination of the head and neck; Examination of the crop; Examination of the pectoral muscles and keel; Examination of the wings; Examination of the pelvic limbs and feet; Examination of the integument; Examination of the uropygial gland.
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Hypertension
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeSystemic hypertension (a persistent increase in the systemic blood pressure) is now commonly recognized in feline practice. There are several reasons for this, including an increased awareness of hypertension as a feline problem, increased access to diagnostic facilities and, possibly, an increased prevalence of this condition related to the increasing average age of the cat population. This chapter looks at clinical findings, diagnosis, management and prognosis. Quick reference guides: Measuring blood pressure; Treatment of hypertension.
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Hypocalcaemia
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeHypocalcaemia is most commonly diagnosed in cats following thyroidectomy for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. When significant hypocalcaemia occurs, prompt identification, investigation and treatment are required. This chapter focuses on differential diagnosis, diagnostic approach and empirical treatment. Quick reference guide: Treatment of hypocalcaemia.
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Hypoglycaemia
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeHypoglycaemia is most commonly diagnosed in cats following insulin overdosage in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This chapter focuses on differential diagnosis, diagnostic approach and empirical treatment.
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Hypokalaemia
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeHypokalaemia is a common electrolyte disturbance in cats. This chapter covers differential diagnosis, diagnostic approach and empirical treatment. Quick reference guide: Treatment of hypokalaemia.
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Inappropriate urination, dysuria and pollakiuria
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeInappropriate urination, dysuria (difficult or painful urination) and pollakiuria (abnormally frequent urination) are distressing problems for owners. This chapter deals with clinical approach, inappropriate urination, differential diagnoses for dysuria and pollakiuria, empirical treatment, when to refer and if finances are limited. Quick reference guide: Radiographic contrast studies of the lower urinary tract.
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Lameness
BSAVA Manual of Canine PracticeThe lame dog is one of the more common presentations to first-opinion vets and any vet working in a busy genial practice will be faced with such a case on a daily basis. Rather than a systematic review of all causes of lameness, this chapter will focus on the initial approach to the lame dog, to help the clinician develop a list of the common differential diagnoses for further investigation and treatment. This chapter looks at observation, history: baseline data, physical examination: identifying the seat of pain, differential diagnosis, further investigations and treatment. Quick Reference Guides: Assessment of anterior cruciate instability; Assessing hip laxity.
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Law and shelter medicine
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Shelter MedicineThis chapter reflects the legal framework within which companion animal welfare organizations operate in the UK; covering framework and statutory purpose, animal welfare legislation, consumer law and payment for rehomed animals, unlawful types of dog, hybrids, transportation and travel, the veterinary medicines regulations, hazardous waste, statutes and regulations.Quick reference guides: Dealing with a stray dog; Dealing with a stray cat.
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Lumps and bumps
BSAVA Manual of Canine PracticeOwners will often present a dog having noticed one of the following: lump; swelling; nodule; bump; tumour; abscess; mass. These terms are, colloquially, often used interchangeably to refer to cutaneous or subcutaneous accumulations of tissue that form a noticeable lesion either visually or on palpation. Quick Reference Guides: Fine-needle aspiration of a superficial mass; Biopsy of a superficial mass.
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Management of commonly encountered feline cancers
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter will focus on the management of the most important forms of neoplasia encountered in feline practice: lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous and visceral mast cell tumours and injection site sarcomas. Quick reference guides: Lymph node excision; Chemotherapy for lymphoma; Pinnectomy.
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Management of endocrine disorders
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter looks at the management of the most important endocrine disorders encountered in feline practice: hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus. Quick reference guides: Intracapsular thyroidectomy; Ear vein sampling.
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Management of eye disease
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter will focus on the management of some of the more common feline eye diseases encountered in first-opinion practice, notably conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, uveitis, glaucoma and lens luxation. Quick reference guide: Enucleation.
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Management of gastrointestinal disorders
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter deals with the management of the most important gastrointestinal disorders that are encountered in feline practice, notably acute gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal lymphoma, dietary hypersensitivity and infectious gastrointestinal disorders. Quick reference guide: Gut biopsy.
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Management of haematological disorders
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter deals primarily with the management of anaemia, which is the most common feline haematological abnormality found and managed in practice. Quick reference guides: Feline blood types; Blood transfusion.
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Management of hepatic and pancreatic disorders
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter will focus on the management of the most important hepatic and pancreatic disorders that are encountered in feline practice, notably inflammatory liver diseases, hepatic lipidosis and pancreatitis. Quick reference guide: Liver biopsy.
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Management of neurological and neuromuscular disorders
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter deals with the management of the most important neurological/neuromuscular disorders that are encountered in feline practice, notably head and spinal trauma, brachial plexus avulsion, ischaemic neuromyopathy, hypokalaemic polymyopathy, myasthenia gravis, vestibular disease and cognitive dysfunction syndrome. Quick reference guide: Tail-pull injuries and tail amputation.
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Management of reproduction and related disorders
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter will focus on the management of the most important issues related to reproduction in feline practice, notably suppression of oestrus, and management of pregnancy, parturition and postpartum problems in the queen. Care of the neonate and management of common neonatal disorders are also discussed. Quick reference guide: Diagnosing and managing dystocia.
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Management of respiratory disorders
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter will focus on the management of the most important respiratory disorders encountered in feline practice, considered in order of anatomical regions of the respiratory tract: upper respiratory tract disorders, lower respiratory tract disorders and pleural space disorders. Quick reference guide: Inhalant asthma treatment.
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Management of urinary tract disorders
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapters considers the management of the most important urinary tract disorders that are encountered in feline practice, notably chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, urinary tract infections, feline idiopathic cystitis and urolithiasis. Quick reference guides: Increasing water intake; Subcutaneous fluid therapy.
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Managing feline coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis in the multi-cat/shelter environment
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Shelter MedicineFeline infectious peritonitis is a serious and fatal disease that arises as a consequence of infection with feline coronavirus. This chapter covers presentation and clinical signs, diagnostic testing, differential diagnoses, treatment, prevention and management following confirmation of feline infectious peritonitis in a shelter. Quick reference guide: Toxoplasmosis.
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Managing skin disorders
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThis chapter will focus on the management of the most important skin disorders encountered in feline practice, notably infectious, allergic skin diseases and flea infestation. Quick reference guide: Dietary trial for cutaneous adverse food reaction.
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Optimizing neutering programmes
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Shelter MedicineWhen practising shelter or charity medicine, often the population concerns are of prime importance; however, it is essential to bear in mind individual factors too. This chapter covers reasons for neutering shelter animals, physiology of kittens and puppies, anaesthesia, surgical approach and evaluating the impact of preadoption neutering in shelters. Quick reference guide: General anaesthetic protocols for early neutering.
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Oral and dental problems
BSAVA Manual of Canine PracticeSigns of disease originating in the oral cavity are a common cause for presentation in general practice. The initial reason for presentation is often vague, such as a smelly or painful mouth or difficulty with eating. There is often a simple explanation for what the owner has identified as a problem; however, it pays to keep an open mind and to have a thorough approach to dealing with these cases, as there can sometimes be a more serious or sinister cause. This chapter considers trauma, initial approach to the non-emergency presentation, common problems and changes in oral mucous membranes. Quick Reference Guides: Examining the mouth in a conscious dog; Scaling and polishing teeth; Tooth extraction.
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Overgrooming and pruritus
BSAVA Manual of Feline PracticeThe most common underlying cause for overgrooming in cats is pruritus and this chapter discusses the approach to pruritic skin disease in cats and considers history, clinical examination, differential diagnoses in overgrooming and pruritus, diagnostic tests required, treatment recommendations, when to refer and what to do when finances are limited. Quick reference guides: Coat brushing; Skin scrapes; Skin cytology using tape strips and impression smears.
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Practical management of free-roaming populations
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Shelter MedicineTrap-neuter-return (TNR) is the name given to the capture, neutering and returning to home of groups of feral and free-roaming cats and dogs. This chapter describes a set of procedures and practices that are common to control of free-roaming dog and cat populations worldwide. Quick reference guides: Trap/catch, neuter, release (TNR/CNR) checklist; Euthanasia.
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