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Canine diabetes mellitus
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443866.chap23
Canine diabetes mellitus
- Author: Lucy Davison
- From: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Endocrinology
- Item: Chapter 23, pp 193 - 208
- DOI: 10.22233/9781910443866.23
- Copyright: © 2023 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: August 2023
Abstract
This chapter covers the causes, classification, diagnosis, management and potential complications of diabetes mellitus in dogs. It highlights recent advancements in our understanding and treatment of diabetes, as well as the importance of monitoring blood glucose levels and maintaining glycemic control. The relationship between diabetes and other conditions such as pancreatitis and hypercortisolism is also explored.
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/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443866.chap23
Figures
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443866.chap23.fig23_2
23.2
Histopathological section from the pancreas of a dog with concurrent chronic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus. Grossly, there was very little pancreatic tissue remaining, and there is very little exocrine tissue visible histologically. A few remnants of islet tissue (dark brown) are present in this section immunostained for synaptophysin (monoclonal mouse anti-human clone SY38). This dog was totally insulin dependent despite the presence of some islet tissue, suggesting that the exocrine disease had also affected islet function. (Original magnification X40)
(Courtesy of Dr Penny Watson, University of Cambridge) © 2023 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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23.2
Histopathological section from the pancreas of a dog with concurrent chronic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus. Grossly, there was very little pancreatic tissue remaining, and there is very little exocrine tissue visible histologically. A few remnants of islet tissue (dark brown) are present in this section immunostained for synaptophysin (monoclonal mouse anti-human clone SY38). This dog was totally insulin dependent despite the presence of some islet tissue, suggesting that the exocrine disease had also affected islet function. (Original magnification X40)
(Courtesy of Dr Penny Watson, University of Cambridge)
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443866.chap23.fig23_5
23.5
(a) A glucometer for human use, which draws up the correct volume of blood for testing into a disposable cartridge. (b) Glucometers are available that are specifically designed to work with the blood of veterinary species.
(© Abbot Animal Health) © 2023 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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23.5
(a) A glucometer for human use, which draws up the correct volume of blood for testing into a disposable cartridge. (b) Glucometers are available that are specifically designed to work with the blood of veterinary species.
(© Abbot Animal Health)
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23.6
Caninsulin is one of the two types of insulin authorized for use in dogs. Caninsulin is available in two formulations: the VetPen and a suspension for injection with insulin syringes. © 2023 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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23.6
Caninsulin is one of the two types of insulin authorized for use in dogs. Caninsulin is available in two formulations: the VetPen and a suspension for injection with insulin syringes.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443866.chap23.fig23_9
23.9
Use of a glucometer to measure glucose in a capillary blood sample obtained from the pinna with a lancet device. © 2023 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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23.9
Use of a glucometer to measure glucose in a capillary blood sample obtained from the pinna with a lancet device.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443866.chap23.fig23_10
23.10
Use of a Freestyle Libre ‘flash’ Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS). (a) The disposable glucose monitoring sensor is inserted below the skin using a spring-loaded device and can remain in place for up to 14 days. Interstitial fluid glucose is measured every minute and the device stores readings every 15 minutes. The CGMS can be paired with a wireless electronic reader or a mobile phone app to provide information in real time and it is recommended that this pairing takes place at least every 8 hours. (b) The data can be downloaded periodically to generate a continuous interstitial fluid glucose trace using computer software, which helps to illustrate daily trends (data shown represent three consecutive days) and identify periods where interstitial glucose is outside the optimal range. © 2023 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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23.10
Use of a Freestyle Libre ‘flash’ Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS). (a) The disposable glucose monitoring sensor is inserted below the skin using a spring-loaded device and can remain in place for up to 14 days. Interstitial fluid glucose is measured every minute and the device stores readings every 15 minutes. The CGMS can be paired with a wireless electronic reader or a mobile phone app to provide information in real time and it is recommended that this pairing takes place at least every 8 hours. (b) The data can be downloaded periodically to generate a continuous interstitial fluid glucose trace using computer software, which helps to illustrate daily trends (data shown represent three consecutive days) and identify periods where interstitial glucose is outside the optimal range.
/content/figure/10.22233/9781910443866.chap23.fig23_13
23.13
Diabetic cataracts. (a) Early diabetic cataract showing vacuoles, before the sudden onset of mature lens opacity. (b) Mature diabetic cataract – note the water clefts in the lens. The dark iris results from lens-induced uveitis, which can be associated with the hypermature cataracts seen in diabetes mellitus.
(Courtesy of Dr David Williams) © 2023 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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23.13
Diabetic cataracts. (a) Early diabetic cataract showing vacuoles, before the sudden onset of mature lens opacity. (b) Mature diabetic cataract – note the water clefts in the lens. The dark iris results from lens-induced uveitis, which can be associated with the hypermature cataracts seen in diabetes mellitus.
(Courtesy of Dr David Williams)