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Ectoparasite infestation – clinical presentation
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443811.chap7
Ectoparasite infestation – clinical presentation
- Author: Cathy F. Curtis
- From: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dermatology
- Item: Chapter 7, pp 55 - 69
- DOI: 10.22233/9781910443811.7
- Copyright: © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
- Publication Date: September 2021
Abstract
This chapter covers the pathogenesis of various ectoparasites and the clinical approach to them, as well as diagnostic techniques.
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Figures
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7.1
Microscopic appearance of adult Ctenocephalides felis felis flea from a Domestic Shorthaired cat. (Original magnification X100) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.1
Microscopic appearance of adult Ctenocephalides felis felis flea from a Domestic Shorthaired cat. (Original magnification X100)
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7.2
Lower leg of a person living in a cat flea-infested house; note the multiple papules developing as a result of the fleas’ bites. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.2
Lower leg of a person living in a cat flea-infested house; note the multiple papules developing as a result of the fleas’ bites.
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7.3
Caudodorsal rump of a Border Terrier with chronic flea bite hypersensitivity. Note the degree of alopecia, hyperpigmentation and lichenification. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.3
Caudodorsal rump of a Border Terrier with chronic flea bite hypersensitivity. Note the degree of alopecia, hyperpigmentation and lichenification.
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7.4
Symmetrical, self-induced alopecia of the dorsum and rump of an 8-year-old Domestic Longhaired cat with flea bite hypersensitivity. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.4
Symmetrical, self-induced alopecia of the dorsum and rump of an 8-year-old Domestic Longhaired cat with flea bite hypersensitivity.
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7.5
Area of pyotraumatic dermatitis (also known as a ‘hot spot’) on the right dorsal rump of a Labrador Retriever as a consequence of reactivity to a flea bite. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.5
Area of pyotraumatic dermatitis (also known as a ‘hot spot’) on the right dorsal rump of a Labrador Retriever as a consequence of reactivity to a flea bite.
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7.6
Close-up view of miliary dermatitis and alopecia on an adult Shorthaired cat, secondary to flea allergy dermatitis. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.6
Close-up view of miliary dermatitis and alopecia on an adult Shorthaired cat, secondary to flea allergy dermatitis.
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7.7
Intradermal skin test showing an immediate positive reaction to flea allergen (F) in a Golden Retriever with flea bite hypersensitivity. Controls are 1/10 histamine solution (+) and saline (–). © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.7
Intradermal skin test showing an immediate positive reaction to flea allergen (F) in a Golden Retriever with flea bite hypersensitivity. Controls are 1/10 histamine solution (+) and saline (–).
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7.8
Microscopic appearance of the canine sucking louse, Linognathus setosus. (Original magnification X100) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.8
Microscopic appearance of the canine sucking louse, Linognathus setosus. (Original magnification X100)
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7.9
Microscopic appearance of the canine biting louse, Trichodectes canis. (Original magnification X100) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.9
Microscopic appearance of the canine biting louse, Trichodectes canis. (Original magnification X100)
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7.10
Microscopic appearance of the feline biting louse, Felicola subrostrata. (Original magnification X100) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.10
Microscopic appearance of the feline biting louse, Felicola subrostrata. (Original magnification X100)
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7.11
Microscopic appearance of a hair plucking suspended in liquid paraffin, showing multiple louse eggs cemented on to the hair shafts. (Original magnification X100) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.11
Microscopic appearance of a hair plucking suspended in liquid paraffin, showing multiple louse eggs cemented on to the hair shafts. (Original magnification X100)
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7.12
Dorsal muzzle of a young German Shepherd Dog with ulceration typical of eosinophilic folliculitis and furunculosis, presumed to be caused by a fly bite. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.12
Dorsal muzzle of a young German Shepherd Dog with ulceration typical of eosinophilic folliculitis and furunculosis, presumed to be caused by a fly bite.
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7.13
Microscopic appearance of Sarcoptes scabiei. (a) Adult mite in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X100) (b) Ova and faeces (scybala) of Sarcoptes scabiei in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X400) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.13
Microscopic appearance of Sarcoptes scabiei. (a) Adult mite in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X100) (b) Ova and faeces (scybala) of Sarcoptes scabiei in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X400)
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7.14
(a) Bilateral periocular alopecia, erythema and lichenification in an adult male crossbreed dog with sarcoptic mange. (b) Left pinna of a male Lhasa Apso with advanced sarcoptic mange. Note the marked degree of hyperkeratosis and scaling, particularly around the pinnal margin. (c) Hocks of an adult male German Shepherd Dog affected by sarcoptic mange. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.14
(a) Bilateral periocular alopecia, erythema and lichenification in an adult male crossbreed dog with sarcoptic mange. (b) Left pinna of a male Lhasa Apso with advanced sarcoptic mange. Note the marked degree of hyperkeratosis and scaling, particularly around the pinnal margin. (c) Hocks of an adult male German Shepherd Dog affected by sarcoptic mange.
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7.15
Feline sarcoptic mange in a mature Domestic Shorthaired cat. Note the crusting over the face and ears, similar to lesions that develop in dogs (see also 'Notoedric mange'). © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.15
Feline sarcoptic mange in a mature Domestic Shorthaired cat. Note the crusting over the face and ears, similar to lesions that develop in dogs (see also 'Notoedric mange').
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7.16
Crusting and scaling of the dorsum of a Domestic Shorthaired cat with feline sarcoptic mange. Note the hair loss from the tail due to self-trauma. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.16
Crusting and scaling of the dorsum of a Domestic Shorthaired cat with feline sarcoptic mange. Note the hair loss from the tail due to self-trauma.
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7.17
Microscopic appearance of Cheyletiella spp. (a) Mite harvested from a canine skin scraping, suspended in liquid paraffin. Note the distinctive crescent-shaped hooks on the accessory mouthparts. (Original magnification X100) (b) Ovum in liquid paraffin. Note the thread attaching the egg to the hair. (Original magnification X400) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.17
Microscopic appearance of Cheyletiella spp. (a) Mite harvested from a canine skin scraping, suspended in liquid paraffin. Note the distinctive crescent-shaped hooks on the accessory mouthparts. (Original magnification X100) (b) Ovum in liquid paraffin. Note the thread attaching the egg to the hair. (Original magnification X400)
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7.18
Severe scaling and erythema in an adult Newfoundland with cheyletiellosis. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.18
Severe scaling and erythema in an adult Newfoundland with cheyletiellosis.
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7.19
Papular lesions on the forearm of the owner of a dog infested with Cheyletiella mites.
(Courtesy of M Paradis) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.19
Papular lesions on the forearm of the owner of a dog infested with Cheyletiella mites.
(Courtesy of M Paradis)
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7.20
A six-legged Neotrombicula autumnalis larva harvested by skin scraping and suspended in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X100) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.20
A six-legged Neotrombicula autumnalis larva harvested by skin scraping and suspended in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X100)
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7.21
Left ear of a mature Shih Tzu bitch showing the presence of an accumulation of red-orange Neotrombicula autumnalis larvae (arrowed) in the cutaneous marginal pouch (also known as ‘Henry’s pocket’). © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.21
Left ear of a mature Shih Tzu bitch showing the presence of an accumulation of red-orange Neotrombicula autumnalis larvae (arrowed) in the cutaneous marginal pouch (also known as ‘Henry’s pocket’).
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7.22
Kitten with ceruminous otitis caused by otodectic mange. Note the accumulation of dark cerumen in the vertical canal orifice. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.22
Kitten with ceruminous otitis caused by otodectic mange. Note the accumulation of dark cerumen in the vertical canal orifice.
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7.23
Microscopic appearance of Otodectes cynotis. (a) Larval mite suspended in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X100) (b) Ova. (Original magnification X400) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.23
Microscopic appearance of Otodectes cynotis. (a) Larval mite suspended in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X100) (b) Ova. (Original magnification X400)
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7.24
Adult Demodex canis mites suspended in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X40) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.24
Adult Demodex canis mites suspended in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X40)
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7.25
Short-tailed Demodex cornei mites suspended in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X40) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.25
Short-tailed Demodex cornei mites suspended in liquid paraffin. (Original magnification X40)
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7.26
Skin scraping showing a Demodex injai mite. (Original magnification X100; oil immersion) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.26
Skin scraping showing a Demodex injai mite. (Original magnification X100; oil immersion)
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7.27
Skin scraping showing a Demodex gatoi mite. (Original magnification X100; oil immersion)
(Courtesy of K Tater) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.27
Skin scraping showing a Demodex gatoi mite. (Original magnification X100; oil immersion)
(Courtesy of K Tater)
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7.28
(a) Young English Bulldog with localized demodicosis. Note the alopecic, erythematous patches over the face. (b) The right forelimb of the same dog showing patches of hypotrichosis caused by demodicosis. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.28
(a) Young English Bulldog with localized demodicosis. Note the alopecic, erythematous patches over the face. (b) The right forelimb of the same dog showing patches of hypotrichosis caused by demodicosis.
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7.29
Elderly cat with ceruminous otitis caused by Demodex spp. mites; this cat had concurrent lymphoma and D. cati infestation, which, in the cat, is often associated with systemic disease. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.29
Elderly cat with ceruminous otitis caused by Demodex spp. mites; this cat had concurrent lymphoma and D. cati infestation, which, in the cat, is often associated with systemic disease.
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7.30
Generalized demodectic mange in a 7-month-old Pug. (a) Note the erythema, hyperpigmentation and alopecia over the ventrum and diffuse hypotrichosis of the distal hind limbs and feet. (b) Ventral aspect of the left forefoot of the same dog. Note that the digital and interdigital skin is swollen, erythematous and alopecic. Dogs with pododemodicosis are often lame (to distinguish them from dogs with pododermatitis caused by allergic skin disease, for example, which infrequently causes lameness). © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.30
Generalized demodectic mange in a 7-month-old Pug. (a) Note the erythema, hyperpigmentation and alopecia over the ventrum and diffuse hypotrichosis of the distal hind limbs and feet. (b) Ventral aspect of the left forefoot of the same dog. Note that the digital and interdigital skin is swollen, erythematous and alopecic. Dogs with pododemodicosis are often lame (to distinguish them from dogs with pododermatitis caused by allergic skin disease, for example, which infrequently causes lameness).
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7.31
Microscopic appearance of a Demodex canis ovum; note its spindle-shaped form, which distinguishes it from many of the ovoid forms of other ectoparasite eggs. (Original magnification X400) © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.31
Microscopic appearance of a Demodex canis ovum; note its spindle-shaped form, which distinguishes it from many of the ovoid forms of other ectoparasite eggs. (Original magnification X400)
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7.32
Ixodes ricinus tick attached to the skin of a dog. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.32
Ixodes ricinus tick attached to the skin of a dog.
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7.33
Ventral neck of a crossbreed dog with a focal, inflammatory reaction (arrowed) to a recently removed tick. © 2021 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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7.33
Ventral neck of a crossbreed dog with a focal, inflammatory reaction (arrowed) to a recently removed tick.