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Canine hyperadrenocorticism
/content/chapter/10.22233/9781905319893.chap16
Canine hyperadrenocorticism
- Authors: Michael E. Herrtage and Ian K. Ramsey
- From: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Endocrinology
- Item: Chapter 16, pp 167 - 189
- DOI: 10.22233/9781905319893.16
-
Copyright:
- Publication Date: January 2012
Abstract
PLEASE NOTE. THE NEW 5TH EDITION OF THE BSAVA MANUAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY IS NOW AVAILABLE HERE.
Canine hyperadrenocorticism describes the excessive production or administration of glucocorticoids and is one of the most commonly diagnosed endocrinopathies in the dog. The chapter focuses on the physiology of the adrenal gland, causes of hyperadrenocorticism, clinical features, routine clinicopathological features, diagnostic imaging, diagnostic endocrine tests, tests to differentiate the cause of hyperadrenocorticism and treatment.
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Figures
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16.1
Regulation of glucocorticoid release. ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone. CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.1
Regulation of glucocorticoid release. ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone. CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone.
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16.3
(a) The pituitary-adrenal axis in pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. (b) The pituitary-adrenal axis in adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.3
(a) The pituitary-adrenal axis in pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. (b) The pituitary-adrenal axis in adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone.
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16.4
Pituitary macroadenoma found on post-mortem examination of a 13-year-old Golden Retriever that had been successfully treated with mitotane for hyperadrenocorticism for 5 years. There were no neurological signs associated with this tumour. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.4
Pituitary macroadenoma found on post-mortem examination of a 13-year-old Golden Retriever that had been successfully treated with mitotane for hyperadrenocorticism for 5 years. There were no neurological signs associated with this tumour.
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16.5
An adrenocortical carcinoma of the right adrenal gland invading the phrenicoabdominal vein. The caudal vena cava can be seen at the top of the photograph. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.5
An adrenocortical carcinoma of the right adrenal gland invading the phrenicoabdominal vein. The caudal vena cava can be seen at the top of the photograph.
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16.6
The cut surface of both adrenal glands from thesame case as
Figure 16.4
. Note the severe cortical atrophy (pale rim) in the contralateral adrenalgland. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.6
The cut surface of both adrenal glands from thesame case as
Figure 16.4
. Note the severe cortical atrophy (pale rim) in the contralateral adrenalgland.
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16.8
A 6-year-old Poodle bitch with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Note the abdominal distension, muscle wasting, alopecia and thin skin. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.8
A 6-year-old Poodle bitch with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Note the abdominal distension, muscle wasting, alopecia and thin skin.
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16.9
The skin on the ventral abdomen can be tented to assess elasticity. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.9
The skin on the ventral abdomen can be tented to assess elasticity.
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16.10
In hyperadrenocorticism, the skin is thin and inelastic and remains tented. The abdominal veins are visible through the skin. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.10
In hyperadrenocorticism, the skin is thin and inelastic and remains tented. The abdominal veins are visible through the skin.
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16.11
Comedones around a nipple. The skin is thin and abdominal veins are visible. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.11
Comedones around a nipple. The skin is thin and abdominal veins are visible.
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16.12
Extensivebruising on the neck of aPomeranian with hyperadrenocorticism. This resultedfrom a single needleinsertion with minimalrestraint and pressurebeing applied for aminute or soafterwards. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.12
Extensivebruising on the neck of aPomeranian with hyperadrenocorticism. This resultedfrom a single needleinsertion with minimalrestraint and pressurebeing applied for aminute or soafterwards.
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16.13
Partial breakdown of an abdominal incision in a Boxer with hyperadrenocorticism. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.13
Partial breakdown of an abdominal incision in a Boxer with hyperadrenocorticism.
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16.14
Skin in the inguinal area of a poodle. Focal areas of calcinosis cutis can be seen eroding through the epidermis. Comedones are also present. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.14
Skin in the inguinal area of a poodle. Focal areas of calcinosis cutis can be seen eroding through the epidermis. Comedones are also present.
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16.17
Abdominal radiograph of a Cairn Terrier with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The radiographic signs include hepatomegaly, abdominal distension, calcinosis cutis, dystrophic calcification in the soft tissues along the spine, an enlarged bladder and osteopenia. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.17
Abdominal radiograph of a Cairn Terrier with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The radiographic signs include hepatomegaly, abdominal distension, calcinosis cutis, dystrophic calcification in the soft tissues along the spine, an enlarged bladder and osteopenia.
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16.18
Abdominal radiograph of a Yorkshire Terrier with an adrenal tumour. The calcified mass can be seen in the dorsocranial area of the abdomen (open arrow). In addition, cystic (blue arrow) and urethral (yellow arrows) calculi are present. Despite this extensive urolithiasis, the dog was able to urinate normally. The anti-inflammatory effects of the excessive glucocorticoids may have contributed to this © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.18
Abdominal radiograph of a Yorkshire Terrier with an adrenal tumour. The calcified mass can be seen in the dorsocranial area of the abdomen (open arrow). In addition, cystic (blue arrow) and urethral (yellow arrows) calculi are present. Despite this extensive urolithiasis, the dog was able to urinate normally. The anti-inflammatory effects of the excessive glucocorticoids may have contributed to this
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16.19
Ultrasonography of the canine adrenal gland. (a) Ultrasonograph of the right adrenal of an 8-year-old crossbreed dog with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism showing the thickened hypoechoic cortex surrounding a normal echogenic medulla. (b) Ultrasonograph of the right adrenal of an 8-year-old German Shepherd bitch with adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The adrenal tumour is the large mixed echogenic mass in the centre of the scan that has completely replaced the normal architecture of the adrenal gland. Ultrasonography of the canine adrenal gland. (c) Ultrasonograph of the cranial abdomen of a 10-year-old Labrador Retriever bitch with an adrenocortical carcinoma which has invaded the caudal vena cava (CVC). © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.19
Ultrasonography of the canine adrenal gland. (a) Ultrasonograph of the right adrenal of an 8-year-old crossbreed dog with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism showing the thickened hypoechoic cortex surrounding a normal echogenic medulla. (b) Ultrasonograph of the right adrenal of an 8-year-old German Shepherd bitch with adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The adrenal tumour is the large mixed echogenic mass in the centre of the scan that has completely replaced the normal architecture of the adrenal gland. Ultrasonography of the canine adrenal gland. (c) Ultrasonograph of the cranial abdomen of a 10-year-old Labrador Retriever bitch with an adrenocortical carcinoma which has invaded the caudal vena cava (CVC).
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16.20
MRI: (a) T2-weighted midline sagittal image, and (b) T2-weighted transverse image showing a pituitary macroadenoma in a 10-year-old Bulldog with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and central diabetes insipidus. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.20
MRI: (a) T2-weighted midline sagittal image, and (b) T2-weighted transverse image showing a pituitary macroadenoma in a 10-year-old Bulldog with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and central diabetes insipidus.
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16.21
A summary flow chart of the key stages in diagnosing canine hyperadrenocorticism. ADH = adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism; PDH = pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.21
A summary flow chart of the key stages in diagnosing canine hyperadrenocorticism. ADH = adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism; PDH = pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.
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16.23
Interpretation of measurements of plasma cortisol concentrations before and after the administration of synthetic ACTH. ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.23
Interpretation of measurements of plasma cortisol concentrations before and after the administration of synthetic ACTH. ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone
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16.24
Interpretation of measurements of plasma cortisol concentrations before and after the administration of a low dose of dexamethasone (DXM). ?PDH/ADH represents the type of response seen in cases of pituitary-dependent or adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. PDH represents the response in pituitary-dependent cases where suppression occurs. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.24
Interpretation of measurements of plasma cortisol concentrations before and after the administration of a low dose of dexamethasone (DXM). ?PDH/ADH represents the type of response seen in cases of pituitary-dependent or adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. PDH represents the response in pituitary-dependent cases where suppression occurs.
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16.26
A 10-year-old crossbred dog with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. (a) Before treatment; (b) after commencing treatment with mitotane;(c) 6 months later. © 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association
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16.26
A 10-year-old crossbred dog with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. (a) Before treatment; (b) after commencing treatment with mitotane;(c) 6 months later.