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Operative Techniques
Operative techniques are a feature of our manual series and provide a step-by-step illustrated guide to the surgical procedures detailed in the related chapter. Our manuals series includes some 300 operative technique sections and this page provides an A-Z listing of all the manual chapters that contain them. You will need to purchase access to the source chapter to view the full text.
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The adrenal glands
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Abdominal SurgeryThe increasing availability of advanced imaging techniques coupled with more veterinary surgeons (veterinarians) developing and refining the skills of ultrasonography has meant that adrenal masses are more frequently diagnosed and their removal contemplated. This chapter considers adrenalectomy, imaging, pre- and postoperative considerations, intraoperative management and the technique in cats. Practical tips and editors’ notes are highlighted throughout. Operative technique: Adrenalectomy including venotomy of the caudal vena cava.
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Anorectal papilloma
BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and ImagingAnorectal papillomas in rabbits are benign, well differentiated epithelial tumours of the anorectal junction. Their aetiology is unknown but they have not been associated with any papilloma viruses, and transmission experiments have been unsuccessfull. This chapter explains the relevant anatomy, and goes on to cover clinical signs, differential diagnosis and diagnostic procedures, treatment options and prognosis. Operative Technique: Surgical removal of anorectal papillomas.
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Axial pattern flaps
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Wound Management and ReconstructionReconstruction of large skin defects following trauma or radical excision of neoplastic masses can be problematical, particularly when wounds occur on the extremities where there is not enough skin for primary closure. Options for management include: axial pattern flaps; local subdermal plexus flaps; skin grafts; and second intention healing. There may, however, be insufficient skin adjacent to the wound to allow second intention healing or the use of local subdermal plexus flaps. Second intention healing may also result in formation of fragile epithelium or wound contracture. Axial pattern flaps are used for the one-stage reconstruction of wounds. Flaps are usually raised from the trunk, neck or proximal limbs, where there is sufficient loose skin to allow closure of the donor site with minimal morbidity. They provide durable full-thickness skin with a predictable vascular supply, resulting in normal to near-normal hair growth and minimal visible scar tissue, although hair growth is in the opposite direction and may be of different length and texture to the hair in the local area. Functional results after successful axial pattern flap use are good, although some owners are dissatisfied with cosmetic results. The chapter considers Blood supply and axial pattern flaps; and Complications and flap failure. Case examples: Superficial cervical axial pattern flap for a face wound in a cat; Thoracodorsal axial pattern flap for an elbow wound in a dog. Operative techniques: Axial pattern flap; Thoracodorsal axial pattern flap; Superficial cervical (omocervical) axial pattern flap; Caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap; Lateral thoracic axial pattern flap; Deep circumflex iliac (ventral branch) axial pattern flap; Deep circumflex iliac (dorsal branch) axial pattern flap; Cranial superficial epigastric axial pattern flap; Superficial brachial axial pattern flap; Genicular axial pattern flap; Reverse saphenous conduit axial pattern flap; Superficial temporal axial pattern flap; Caudal auricular axial pattern flap; and Lateral caudal axial pattern flap
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Basic principles of soft tissue surgery
BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and ImagingThe general principles of soft tissue surgery are as applicable to rabbits as they are to cats and dogs. These include Halsted’s basic principles of soft tissue surgery. The aim of this chapter is to highlight both the similarities and differences between rabbits and cats and dogs, so that veterinary practitioners can modify their existing surgical skills where necessary. Operative Techniques: Removal of subcutaneous abscesses; Abdominal closure; Laparoscopic ovariectomy.
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Basic surgical techniques
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Fracture Repair and ManagementThis chapter aims to outline the general organizational approach to the surgical fixation of fractures, along with describing some of the basic surgical techniques involved in fracture reduction and fixation. Fracture surgeries are often demanding in terms of technical skill needed, equipment requirements, time and also concentration by the surgeon. Preparation is vital for all aspects of the operation. Operative techniques: Fracture reduction; Insertion of intramedullary pins; Insertion of interlocking nail; Application of cerclage wire; application of tension-band wiring; Placement of external skeletal fixators; Insertion of positional screw; Application of lag screw; Application of dynamic compression plate; Application of neutralization plate; Application of bridging plate; Pin-plate stabilization.
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The body wall
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Abdominal SurgeryThe body wall consists of sheets of muscle that maintain abdominal integrity, provide support and strength for movements such as jumping and twisting and, when tense, are rigid enough to protect the abdominal contents. Open surgery on intra-abdominal structures involves breaching this well designed system, and it is important to ensure a robust and long-lasting repair of any approach to the abdominal cavity. This chapter covers the body wall anatomy, surgical approaches, closure, and complications. Practical tips are highlighted throughout. Operative techniques: Midline laparotomy (coeliotomy); Flank laparotomy; Inguinal hernia repair; Prepubic tendon rupture repair.
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Bone grafts and alternatives
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Fracture Repair and ManagementBone grafting is the transplantation or implantation of bone or a bone substitute into a site to replace missing bone or to enhance bone healing. This chapter looks at autografts; allografts; grow factors; mesenchymal stem cells and tissue engineering; alloplastic grafts; ideal bone graft properties. Operative technique: Harvesting of an autogenous cancellous bone graft.
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Brachycephalic airway disease
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Head, Neck and Thoracic SurgeryBrachycephalic dogs, and persian and himalayan cats, frequently present with signs of upper airway obstruction as a result of an anatomical distortion of their faces caused by selective breeding. This chapter covers the diagnosis and treatment of three key problems: correction of stenotic nares and resection of aberrant turbinates, staphylectomy for elongated/overlong soft palate, and everted laryngeal saccules and laryngeal collapse. Operative Techniques: Modified horizontal wedge resection of the nares; Staphylectomy (soft palate resection).
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The carpus
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Musculoskeletal DisordersConditions affecting the structure and function of the carpus are common in small animal practice and can have debilitating consequences for thoracic limb function. This chapter covers the key aspects of anatomy, investigations, congenital abnormalities, developmental abnormalities, traumatic carpal injuries and arthrodesis. Includes Quick Reference Guide to Imaging Techniques by Thomas W. Maddox. Operative Techniques: Pancarpal arthrodesis; Partial carpal arthrodesis.
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The carpus and tarsus
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Fracture Repair and ManagementFractures of the carpus and tarsus are common in athletic dogs, but are encountered less frequently in pet dogs and cats. Operative techniques: Dorsal approach to the carpus; Palmaromedial approach to the radial carpal bone; Screw fixation of type I and II accessory carpal bone fractures; Pin and tension-band fixation of calcaneal fractures; Internal fixation of articular fractures of the talus; Internal fixation of central tarsal bone fractures.
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Closed and open tooth extraction
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dentistry and Oral SurgeryExtraction of teeth (exodontics) is one of the most frequently performed procedures in small animal practice. Utilizing good instrumentation and applying proper techniques can help to provide a stress-free and controlled procedure. Operative Techniques: Maxillary canine tooth extraction in the dog; Mandibular canine tooth extraction in the dog; Maxillary fourth premolar tooth extraction in the dog; Mandibular first molar tooth extraction in the dog; Extraction of the maxillary canine and cheek teeth in the cat; Extraction of the mandibular canine and cheek teeth in the cat; Crown amputation and intentional retention of resorbing root tissue in the cat.
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Dental and oral diagnostic imaging and interpretation
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dentistry and Oral SurgeryThis chapter covers the principles, equipment and techniques required to carry out a range of diagnostic imaging techniques on the head. Interpretation and common presentations are covered in depth using clinical photographs, radiographs, computed tomography images, magnetic resonance images and ultrasonograms. Operative Techniques: Full-mouth dental radiographs in the dog; Full-mouth dental radiographs in the cat
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Dental-related epiphora and dacryocystitis
BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and ImagingKnowledge of the normal anatomy of the nasolacrimal duct, and the structures through which it travels, is required to investigate and treat rabbits with epiphora, dacryocystitis and chronic nasal discharge. This chapter observes anatomy of the nasolacrimal duct and related structures; aetiopathogenesis; diagnosis; medical treatment; dental treatment; surgical treatment; and prognosis. Quick Reference Guides/Techniques: Flushing the nasolacrimal duct; Marsupialization of the lacrimal sac.
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The distal limb
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Fracture Repair and ManagementThis chapter looks at the distal limb, its anatomy, surgical considerations, metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures, fractures of the sesamoid bones, fractures of the digits. Operative techniques: Intramedullary pinning of metacarpal/metatarsal fractures; Application of a modified type 2 external skeletal fixator to metacarpal/metatarsal fractures; Permanent nail removal (ungual crest osteoctomy); Distal digital amputation (distal digital osteoctomy).
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The distal limb
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Musculoskeletal DisordersThis chapter covers anatomy, diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the distal limb, including surgical preparation, external coaptation, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joint injury, conditions of the palmar and volar sesamoid bones, the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint, tendon injuries, conditions of the digital pads and integument of the paw, infection of the paw. Includes Quick Reference Guide to Imaging Techniques by Thomas W. Maddox. Operative Techniques: The application of a digital external skeletal fixator; Amputation of the digit; Ungual crest ostectomy (permanent nail removal); Distal digit (phalanx 3) ostectomy; Incisional and excisional separation podoplasty; Corn excision; Sesamoidectomy.
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Disturbances of growth and bone development
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Musculoskeletal DisordersProblems affecting bone growth and development are caused by abnormalities of cartilage formation, cartilage transformation, or bone formation. This chapter covers angular limb deformities and bone dysplasias in depth. Operative Techniques: Distal ulnar osteotomy/segmental ostectomy; Radial and ulnar corrective osteotomies; Dynamic lengthening of the radius using an external skeletal fixator; Tibial osteotomy for tarsal varus or valgus.
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Ear and sinus surgery
BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and ImagingEar disease is a common presentation in rabbits; as in other species, it takes the form of otitis externa, media and/or interna. In cases of otitis externa or otitis media, where medical management is either impossible or unsuccessful or the situation is recurrent, surgery may be indicated. This chapter considers ear and sinus disease and surgery. Operative Techniques: Ear syringing; Lateral wall resection; Total ear canal ablation via lateral bulla osteotomy; Total ear canal ablation via a ventral bulla osteotomy; Flushing the dorsal conchal sinus via a dorsal approach; Flushing the dorsal recess of the maxillary sinus via a lateral approach; Flushing the ventral recess of the maxillary sinus via a lateral approach.
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The elbow
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Musculoskeletal DisordersElbow disease is the most common cause of thoracic limb lameness in medium to large-breed dogs. This chapter covers clinical anatomy, clinical examination, diagnostic imaging, arthroscopy, surgical approaches to the elbow, elbow luxation, elbow dysplasia, incomplete ossification/intracondylar fissure-fracture of the humeral condyle, flexor enthesiopathy and salvage procedures for the elbow joint. Includes Quick Reference Guide to Imaging Techniques by Thomas W. Maddox. Operative Techniques: Arthroscopy of the elbow; Caudolateral approach to the elbow; Medial approach to the elbow; Subtotal coronoidectomy; OCD flap removal by medial arthrotomy; Closed reduction of traumatic lateral luxation; Collateral ligament repair; Dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy/ostectomy; Ununited anconeal process internal fixation or removal; Lengthening of the radius.
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Emergency management of respiratory distress
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Head, Neck and Thoracic SurgeryRespiratory distress is a life-threatening clinical syndrome that should be dealt with immediately. What is done in the initial approach to these animals can make the difference between life and death. This chapter covers initial assessment and stabilization, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, diseases associated with respiratory distress and prolonged oxygen therapy. Operative Technique: Emergency tracheotomy.
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Exploratory laparotomy
BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Surgery, Dentistry and ImagingUrinary tract surgery can be technically demanding in rabbits due to their relatively small size and unique anatomy. Some techniques, however, such as cystotomy, are relatively common and fairly straightforward procedures. This chapters assesses Anatomy of the urinary tract; Patient assessment and decision-making; Hypercalciuria and urolithiasis; Lower urinary tract disease; Medical management of urinary tract disease; Surgical considerations and specialist equipment; Surgical procedures; and Postoperative care. Operative Technique: Nephrectomy; Cystotomy.
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